Enduring Value †Othello Essay

Shakespeare’s masterpiece Othello has remained relevant beyond its original context not merely because of its universal themes of love and betrayal, but rather, due to its textual integrity, and the enduring value which is enhanced through the exploration of such issues, as marginalisation and the psychology of villainy. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Othello as being an outsider, and being â€Å"othered† by the Venetian society due to his different race, reflects traditional Elizabethan values and ethics regarding racial prejudice and inequality. These recurring issues, of social intolerance and racial bias are prevalent concerns in our modern society. Shakespeare’s expresses the nature of villainy through his antagonist, Iago, as he explores issues of betrayal and deceit. These issues, revolving around Othello’s passion, struggle and vulnerability, as an outsider, are representative of the human condition, hence making it pivotal, of why â€Å"Othell o† has remained relevant in a different context. Shakespeare positions us to view the marginalisation and dehumanisation of Othello, from various perspectives, initially through physical features, the notion of racial contempt is conveyed via Rodrigo’s, â€Å"Thick Lips†, Iago’s â€Å"Old Black Ram†, and Brabantio’s â€Å"fall in love with what she fear’d to look on†. This vilification, based on physical appearance reinforces traditional Elizabethan views, and to an extent, views held by groups in society today. Though, Othello’s physical appearance was just one factor. Othello was named â€Å"devil† by Iago, from a spiritual perspective, stereotyping those of African descent who were associated with witchcraft, this metaphor reinforces stereotypical racism, causing the reader to question, what has initiated such hatred from Iago to Othello, this allows the reader to a connect on an emotional level with Othello, as it generates empathy. Furthermore the readers perspecti ve of Othello is conflicted due to other members of Venetian society, â€Å"your son in law is far more fair than black†, this binary opposition from the Duke, contrasts between black and white, and their symbolic values. Othello’s â€Å"blackness† is associated with impurity and inhuman values, exemplified via â€Å"making the beast with two backs†, dehumanising Othello, and reinforcing how the Venetian society has ostracised him. Ostracism, based on spiritual backgrounds and physical appearance, is common even in a modern context, as bullying and racism is a common flaw in our society. Though, it is through these experiences, the reader can further empathise and have a better understanding of Othello’s character, and his emotions. Shakespeare also challenges us to consider Othello’s cultural background, through his foreign and exotic tales that Othello retells to members of Venetian society, this is exemplified through, â€Å"Tis true, there’s magic in the web of it†, this is not merely foreign to the Venetians, who were predominantly Religious Christians and did not believe in such black magic and witchcraft, but this was also seen as a waste of time , and an insignificant matter, as Desdemona instantly replies with, â€Å"I pray, talk me of Cassio†, followed by, â€Å"You’ll never meet a more sufficient man†. This repetition is implied to reinforce Desdemona’s lack of knowledge, as this is clearly making Othello enraged, but furthermore it expresses the carefree and uninterested approach Desdemona is taking in regards to Othello’s spiritual story of how he gained that handkerchief. Shakespeare, though, gives Othello a significantly high role in their Venetian society, positioning him as a General in the army, though Othello is granted a superior position, he would still be in a lower hierarchy, as the Venetian society could not overlook his outer â€Å"blackness†, reinforced through â€Å"you’ll have your nephew neigh to you†, this animalistic and sexual imagery, conveys to the reader, no matter how successful Othello becomes, the Venetian society will always regard him as less of a human. This dehumanisation is mainly the cause of the opportunistic antagonist, Iago. Shakespeare positions us to view Iago as a Machiavellian character, conveyed through the recurring issue of betrayal as Othello is blinded by his â€Å"loyalty†, this is exemplified through â€Å"A man he is of honesty and trust†, stated by Othello as he willingly accepts Iago. Shakespeare’s characterisation of Iago advances the readers hatred towards the cunning villain, as his soliloquies emphasise his devious nature, â€Å"the moor is of a free and open nature†¦ and will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are† this animalistic imagery communicates Iago’s lack of respect towards Othello, reflecting the nature of evil. This concept of the nature of evil is explored by F.R Leavis as he describes Othello as â€Å"overly aware of his nobility†, expressing Leavis’ distaste towards Othello. Furthermore, the motivation behind Iago’s evil is unknown, though Shakespeare positions us to see Iago as an opportunist through, â€Å"it is the green eyed monster which doth mock†, personifying jealousy to manipulate the emotions of the gullible Othello. Overall, Shakespeare’s deeply enthralling text â€Å"Othello†, has remained relevant beyond its original context, to suit a more modern audience, due to the text’s enduring values and textual integrity, enhanced through the common issue of marginalisation which is evident in both Elizabethan and 21st Century context.

Organizational Structure of a Hospital You Know Essay

INTRODUCTION: For this assignment I’m choosing, Fortis Hospital at Noida, India and Krishna Nursing home at Chitradurga, Karnataka India. Fortis hospital at Noida, India is a part of Fortis healthcare group and mainly focuses on orthopaedics and neurosciences. It’s a medium sized hospital with 300 bedded facilities and about 250 full time staff. Its organisational structure has low vertical and high horizontal distribution. THE HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION is as follows, 1) 37 medical departments which covers different specialities.2) Other departments such as HR, marketing, finance, engineering and nursing.3) Social specialisation, example doctors.4) Functional specialisation, example technicians and nurses. VERTICAL STRUCTURE is as follows, 1) Zonal director at the top. 2) 43 departmental heads who work under Zonal director. 3) There is team under each department which report to departmental heads. Organizational structure of fortis hospital ZONAL DIRECTOR United HR medica l director Head eng marketing & sales Finance head Nursing matron Team Hr Doctors Eng team Marketing team Finance team Nursing team Centralisation: Head of department control all departments and they report to the Zonal director. Each individual in the organisation has limited autonomy and financially it is highly centralised and functionally it is moderately decentralised and it has high level of standardisation of administrative task and the recruitment process is very much formalised, whereas doctors have low level of formalisation and everyone follow standard operating procedure. Hence in summary, Fortis hospital is multi-speciality hospital of medium size and its structure has high horizontal complexity but low vertical complexity and it is moderately formalised and there is not much direct impact on centralisation and has moderately flexible structure and decision making is highly formalised and moderately decentralised at operational level.(http://www.hindubusinessline.com; www.fortishealthcare.com; www.hoovers.com) In contrast to the above mentioned complex structure second mentioned hospital is Krishna Nursing Home which is a small 50 bedded multispecialty hospital with a simple structure with the director at the top who is in charge of everything and there are heads of recruitment, finance and medical director who report to the director. It is mainly a vertical structure with director who has full decision making power, hence the structure has minimum decentralisation. The other staff has no autonomy.This hospital works basically on loyalty and trust and personal relationship and caters to a small population in the village Chitradurga, India. This structure is compatible with small hospitals like this. But disadvantage is that it is highly dependent on the director and is individual centric (www.healthcaremagic.com) If we compare the 2 structure in relation to, 1) Central Peripheral relations: Fortis is much bigger hospital and has separate division for each department and there is decentralisation and semi-autonomy for each department and the purchaser and provider divisions are separate. Whereas Krishna Nursing Home has no decentralisation and no autonomy for the departments and all decisions are taken by the director. 2) Links with other organisational groups: Fortis has links and tie-ups with many other smaller hospitals which refer cases to them and also has link ups with various insurance companies. Whereas Krishna Nursing Home has no tie-ups with any other hospitals and works alone and caters to a small population. 3) Internal structure: Hierarchy, as mentioned above Fortis hospital has minimal vertical but complex horizontal distribution of power so it has a flatter organisational shape which helps in effective communication and decision making and has widened collaborative links between various departments and divisions resulting in internal linking and average spans of control whereas Krishna Nursing Home has vertical structure and is fully hierarchical based and there is no internal linking between departments (Merson et.,al, 2006). CONCLUSION: Both these hospitals has completely different organisational structure but both are successful because the targeted population for both are different. While, Fortis targets higher and wider range of population and focuses on specialised services, hence has complex organisational structure. Whereas Krishna Nursing Home caters to a small population and  provides basic services and hence has a simple vertical hierarchical structure. REFERENCES: ‘Fortis Healthcare signs pact with US hospital’ online. Available at: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/10/18/stories/021851e 3.htm. (Accessed on 7 January 2013) Krishna Nursing Home (online). Available at: www.healthcaremagic.com (Accessed on 8 January 2013). Merson et.,al (2006) ‘International Public Health’, 2nd Edition, Jones and Bartlett publishers, pp;558-593. (online) Available at: www. Fortishealthcare.com.(Accessed on: 7 January 2013). (online) Available at: www.hoovers.com (Accessed on: 7 January 2013).

Acars Via Iridium

ACARS via Iridium Iridium is a large satellite constellation that consists of 66 low-earth orbiting (LEO), cross-linked satellites operating as a fully meshed network providing truly global coverage (including oceans, airways and polar regions). Iridium satellites are in a near-polar orbit at an altitude of 485 miles. The network is composed of 66 active satellites that fly in six orbital planes, each with 11 satellites per plane. Satellites circle the earth once every 100 minutes. ACARS is an Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System otherwise known as Digital DataLink System.ACARS was first developed in the 1970’s. It is a point-to-point service that either sends air-to-ground messages or receives ground-to-air messages from the cockpit. ACARS via Iridium now gives Flight Departments the capability to communicate with the aircraft in their fleet all over the globe. ACARS is now a viable option via Iridium. Until now ACARS was only available by 2 different medium s. ACARS via Very High Frequency (VHF) communication is only available through line of site.ACARS via Inmarsat (Satcom) is only available over the populated continents and does not provide communications over polar routes. The cost of Iridium service is far less than that of Satcom and is available over oceans whereas VHF is not. This allows aircraft to access various services provided by ACARS Service Providers. Aircraft can now send a number of automatic reports (OOOI, engine oil pressure, position reports, fuel, and etc) using ACARS via Iridium. Pilots can request relevant information pertaining to flight safety and receive necessary in-flight updates.Some of the data services include: Text-based and Graphical Weather, Flight Planning and Clearances, Text Messaging, Position Reporting, Automatic Terminal Information Services (ATIS), Terminal Weather Information for Pilots (TWIP), and OOOI messages (Out of the gate, Off the ground, On the ground, and Into the gate). New flight saf ety services such as Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) and Future Air Navigation System messaging (FANS) are currently undergoing live tests to help improve flight times and routes for Air Transportation.Typical ACARS messages are only 100 to 200 characters in length. Such messages are made up of a one-block transmission from (or to) the aircraft, constrained to be no more than 220 characters within the body of the message. Iridium’s Short Burst Data Service (SBD) has the network transport capability to transmit short data messages between field equipment and a centralized host computing system. ACARS blocks are 238 bytes maximum; segmenting and distributing them across multiple SBD messages is not necessary. Each ACARS block is encapsulated in a unique SBD message.ACARS requires ARINC-429 Interface, compliant with ARINC 741 characteristics for satellite communication systems. Standardized nature of the ARINC 429 digital data bus allows Satcom Data Unit (SDU) to interface with wide variety of ACARS capable hardware. Air-to-ground messages are originated from the Control Display Unit (CDU), which is located in the cockpit of the aircraft. The pilot will initiate his request through the CDU, where the Data Management Unit (DMU) will pass the ACARS requested message onto the Iridium Satcom Data Unit (SDU).The SDU encapsulates each ACARS block into an SBD message and sends the SBD message to the Iridium gateway. The SBD messages are received by the Iridium gateway, converted back into ACARS blocks, then passed on to the chosen DataLink Service Provider (DSP) through the service provider gateway. Conversely, ground-to-air messages from the data provider are passed through the service provider gateway as ACARS message blocks. Once received by the Iridium gateway, they are encapsulated as SBD messages and delivered to the aircraft.Once the SDU has received an uplink SBD message, it removes SBD-specific information and passes the remaining data to the DMU as an ACARS message block via the ARINC 429 data bus. The DMU then interprets and displays the ACARS data via the CDU. ARINC (Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated) and SITA (Society of International Telecommunications Aeronautics) are the two DSPs available to the airlines. ACARS messaging allows the airlines to identify abnormal flight conditions and automatically send real-time messages to an airline, thereby enabling airlines to improve their aircraft performance.

The story of DDT and Malaria (History Essay) Essay - 1

The story of DDT and Malaria (History ) - Essay Example At the end of World War II the technological advancements that were a product of the war began to filter into the commercial economy. The growing demand for food brought about the need for chemicals to grow, preserve, and package food products as agriculture moved from the family farm and into large-scale operations. This era witnessed the introduction of DDT at a time when its long-term effects were unknown, and in 1950 the US House of Representatives opened hearings to investigate the use of chemicals and additives to food products.3 In 1962 Rachel Carson wrote her landmark book Silent Spring, which brought about public scrutiny in regards to the safety of the fertilizer, insecticide, and pesticide programs that were being used in domestic agriculture. Since that time the US has escalated their drive to monitor the use of chemicals in the food chain and have maintained a policy of the evaluation and licensing the use of hazardous chemicals with the goal of creating safer consumer p roducts. While this policy has brought thousands of products under the scrutiny of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), DDT was one of the first and most visible victims of this program. During the 1950s the World Health Organization (WHO) pursued a policy of widespread use of DDT in Asia, Latin America, and Africa in an effort to eliminate the mosquitoes that transmitted the deadly disease of malaria. By 1971 the WHO estimated that as many as 1 billion people had been freed from the risk on contracting malaria.4 However, there were dangers lurking in the shadows of this success. Because there was a chance of the insects building up a resistance to DDT over time, it was necessary to spray the infected areas on a regular and diligent schedule. In addition, the WHO failed to account for several variables that worked against the program. Local bureaucratic governments failed to spray regularly, infected individuals imported the disease,

Employment Trends in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Trends in Canada - Essay Example In between the years 1994 to 1998 about 1 million jobs were created and in 1999 alone more than 391,000 new jobs were created. (Economy Overview, 2001) This rise in the employment rate of the country reflects a profound economic boom in the country. The instrumental factor behind this economic and employment boom was the resurgence of the manufacturing sector and to a more extent, globalization. Globalization lead to the infusion of specialized trade, technological sectors into the country, hence leading to the creation of a serviced based economy. This resulted in the generation of a whole new species of workers, the "knowledge workers". The knowledge workers were people having a college or an university degree and in time proved to be indispensible to the country that was seeking new horizons to modernize itself and expand its economy. Overall till the end of the year 1999 Canada's unemployment rate was down to a low of 7.6% on the average. . (Economy Overview, 2001) What these current trends of employment in Canada brings into the forefront is the rate of growth of employment in the country is a direct effect of globalization with knowledge-based industries and services based economy as the key generators of employment.

Effects of colonization on aboriginal peoples of North America Essay

Effects of colonization on aboriginal peoples of North America - Essay Example The history of Canada shows that it might have had different geographic divisions if it were not for the influence and roles played by its aboriginal people on the land. As an example, Canada would not have existed and would have been part of the United States were it not for the crucial military role played by aboriginal populations in at least two significant historical events 2006). The aboriginal people formerly held sway and ownership over what we know today as Canada. This is an historical fact which is recognized by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and other treaties between three British governments and the Sovereign Aboriginal nation. These served as the basis for succeeding treaties. Ironically, it also gave the means by which Aboriginal land titles could be extinguished 2006). The Royal Proclamation of 1763 marked the beginning of efforts to remove the entire aboriginal peoples from their lands, resources and undermine their rights. This effort succeeded partly with military interventions but these armed conflicts were minimal compared to those waged in the United States. In contrast, American government efforts against aboriginal peoples policies and actions which were more militaristic. In Canada, the government approach was characterized by the political process of assimilation 2006). Although it may seem that the aboriginal population of Canada were peacefully cooperating as allies and business partners, underneath the surface was a prevalence of apartheid, assimilation, ethnic cleansing, infractions on human rights, racism, and oppression, which marked the last 350 years of Canadian aboriginal history. Though on the receiving end of much suffering and prejudice, the aboriginal population played a crucial role in the establishment and confederation of Canada. Aborigines were employed in military roles and their involvement during the attempts of the United States to annex Canada helped keep the balance in favor of the British. The Indian forces were also responsible for keeping Americans from succeeding in their persistent encroachments into Canada ( 2006). A modern society with a federal structure was established with the confederation of Canada in 1867. The initiative towards confederation began as early as 1858 and increased in pace in 1864 and 1866. Although the confederation delegates went into extensive discussions to hammer out the details of confederation, there was no time when the First Nations were included in the talks. Neither were they consulted nor their future roles in the federation publicly acknowledged. Their future was determined unilaterally and as the first prime minister, Sir John MacDonald said, "to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the inhabitants of the Dominion" (GENOCIDE & ASSIMILATION: Canada's Aboriginal People experience "Ethnic cleansing - Canadian-Style !" http://offreserve.tripod.com/articles.html). This was consistent with the British Empire's task of carrying the "white man's burden". This is to mean the civilizing of indigenous peoples within the empire, may they be Indian, Maori, Zulu, etc. The "white man's burden" also serves as the justification for the annexation of the lands and resources of these indigenous populations. For Victorian

Characteristics of the Ideal Man and the Ideal Woman in Three Essay

Characteristics of the Ideal Man and the Ideal Woman in Three Different Cultures - Essay Example This means that the qualities that are associated with masculinity are intelligence, daring, courage, wisdom, and physical strength. Women in Muslim culture are expected to be caring, patient, considerate, kind, and obedient to their husbands. The Muslim culture holds that women are different from men in significant emotional and intellectual ways. That means that their trust of the decisions made on their behalf by male members of the family is paramount to their well being (North and Trip, 2012). In Hindu culture, men are also expected to be the primary breadwinners in the family. Jobless men are not respected as much as those who have steady jobs. Intelligence, wisdom, physical strength, virility and perseverance are qualities that are attributed to real masculinity in Hindu culture. Hindu women are expected to be caring homemakers who respect the values of their ancestors. Even though modern Hindu women are embracing working lives in increasing numbers, traits such as submissiven ess and quietness are still valued in the Hindu woman in Hindu society. The United States has more balance between the roles of men and women in society than most other cultures around the world, and so there is not much variation between how men and women are expected to behave. ... g the ‘perfect’ women in this book tend to be homemakers and daughters who remained faithful to their male relatives even when their lives were negatively affected by their sacrificial obedience. Muslim cultures revere their examples and expect their women to emulate their examples. On the other hand, the Qur’an stipulates that men have been put by â€Å"allah† in positions of authority over women. This means that women’s obedience to men is indisputable; and that any woman who does not believe this is risking her immortal soul. Muslims therefore tend to adhere to rules concerning the roles of the sexes in a more rigid fashion than is the case with other cultures (Long, 2005). In the Hindu culture, the attitudes about the roles of the sexes and the preferable traits for both sexes are influenced by the Vedas, which are the sacred texts in the Hindu religion. In the partriarchal system supported by this texts, a man’s masculinity is confirmed b y the obedience of all women in his household to his rules. If a man does not rule over his wife, then the perpetuation of the rules of the Vedas concerning the continuation of rightful authority are broken. If a daughter refuses to serve her father and brothers or a wife disobeys her husband, then the established order of communication between the male and female sex is disturbed and this disorder will be observed in other elements of nature. The importance of perpetuating these believes about the roles of both genders therefore has a religious basis, just as is the case in the Muslim cultures. In American culture, the changes that are now evident in society concerning the roles of men and women were not always there. Just a century ago, women were mainly expected to concentrate on bearing children and maintaining the

The relationship between science and nature in Frankenstein Essay

The relationship between science and nature in Frankenstein - Essay Example Written in the middle of the 1960s, Pynchon was reflecting a culture gone crazy in which meaning was lost in the chaotic shuffle of Civil Rights, women’s rights, the Vietnam War and numerous other world-shaking events. While names such as Oedipa Maas, Mucho Maas and Pierce Inverarity do convey meaning of a sort regarding the personalities of these characters, they do not help in identifying a ‘constellation’ within the novel. Oedipa Maas is the protagonist of the story who is shaken out of her humdrum relatively normal California suburbia lifestyle with the news that her ex-boyfriend, Pierce Inverarity, has named her the executor of his will. There is an undeniable connection between her name and the name of a legendary king of Thebes from a play by Socrates. In Socrates’ play, the main character, Oedipus, learns that there is a great mystery that no one has yet been able to solve and sets out to answer the question of who killed the old king only to learn to his own ruin that it was Oedipus himself. In much the same way, Oedipa learns of a mystery that no one else has yet been able to solve – the mystery of the Trystero. In attempting to solve the mystery, which may actually be no mystery at all, Oedipa loses connection with her own life thus finding nothing but her own ruin at the end of the hunt. Her almost hallucinatory night spent wandering the streets of the city seems to suggest the type of blind wandering that Oedipus embarked upon at the end of his story. â€Å"She stood between the public booth and the rented car, in the night, her isolation complete, and tried to face toward the sea. But she’d lost her bearings. She turned, pivoting on one stacked heel, could find no mountains either† (177). Having lost touch with the people in her life, she could no longer even find herself within the landscape. Her last name, Maas, has several possible connotations including its synonym, mass which is traditionally difficult to get

S XYZ Co. Able to Identify and Exploit Sources of Competitive Dissertation

S XYZ Co. Able to Identify and Exploit Sources of Competitive Advantage to Sustain The Emerging Competition - Dissertation Example Other changes followed the implementation of the first Saudi Insurance company's services, which were evident in the increased awareness of the people in regards to insurance policies, as well as the substantial increased risk in accordance with the introduction of compulsory motor third party liability (BMI, 2011). Other changes included the legislation passed which made health insurance on expatriates and their families mandatory and the increase in oil prices had also been reflected on the citizens of the country's personal incomes in accordance with classes that includes travel insurance (Ansari, 2011). Other insurances include life and property, which was subsequently followed by the increase in house loans, the amplified boost of the insurance market, as reinforced by the registration of more than 15 new insurance companies, thus fortifying the competition within the market. The growth in competition led to enjoining new entrants in the industry, which was supported by the gove rnment's efforts to open the chance for foreign capital to investment in Saudi's insurance sector (Ansari, 2011). 1.1. The Significance of Competitive Advantage among business firms A firm is equipped with competitive advantage when it has the means to edge out rivals when vying for the favour of customers. In that regard, a firm is considered to possess competitive advantage by implementing strategies that produce value that are not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors (De Wit and Meyer, 2005). However, the defined subject of competitive advantage in financial service has a wide existence in the body of literature. The complexity and intangibility focusing on financial service products that include insurance limited the understanding of the average customer in regards to the features and benefits provided by such service. This then implies the complexity of identifying and achieving competitive edge (Barney, 1991). The study of competitive advant age in the field of insurance as an aspect of financial service imposes the process of collecting literature in the context of competitive advantage that is particular to financial service in order to deliberately construct a theoretical model of attributes or features against the perception of the subject of the study, which is the company management to be evaluated. For instance, Delvin (1997a) had made use of a detailed questionnaire, which he had distributed widely among marketing personnel. The context of the questionnaire delved on the strategy employed by relevant senior personnel in UK retail financial services. Delvin (1997a) investigated the factors which managers emphasise when attempting to formulate strategies to add value to service offerings and, hence, achieve competitive advantage in services markets. The study was able to conclude that the features and quality of the core service, inclusive of the price, image and reputation, functional service quality, support ele ments, and location and service recovery are the factors crucial in adding value to service offerings (Delvin, 1998). In comparison to the findings of Delvin's study, it would be noted that in a study conducted by Gronroos (2001) pertaining to service quality, the latter confirmed the importance of the functional quality on the basis of his perspective, as a very vital factor in order to maintain the gap between the expected service and the perceived service

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example uthor, difficulty of identifying a causal effect is aggravated due to lack of conclusive theories, which enable researchers worldwide to regard a specific corporate governance code as good or bad. Corporate governance framework established within companies need to incorporate core values of accountability, transparency, responsibility and fairness (ACCA, â€Å"Disclosures on corporate governance†). Even so, reported high profile financial scandals such as, those of Enron and WorldCom, suggest that the framework was not implemented at all. Weak corporate governance and untrustworthy financial reporting were cited as major reasons behind these scandals. These facts called for the need to establish robust corporate governance framework among organizations all over the world. Following this incidents, many laws were passed such as, Cadbury Report in United Kingdom, Sarbanes Oxley Act in the United States, the Dey Report in Canada, the Vienot Report in France, the Olivencia Report in Spain, the King’s Report in South Africa, Principles and Guidelines on Corporate Governance in New Zealand and the Cromme Code in Germany. Some authors claim that these laws have proven to be immensely successful in achieving objectives of transparent financial reporting; whereas, some authors have conveyed their options against efficacy of these laws. A significant proportion of research has investigated whether quality of financial reporting is influenced by various disclosure requirements of corporate governance. The results of these empirical researches are mixed. For example, research done by Armstrong, et al (2010) fails to provide conclusive results regarding ways in which managerial compensation influences quality of financial reporting. Cheng and Warfield (2005) have pointed out that a negative relation exists between managerial incentives and the standard of financial reporting. According to them, managerial incentives are amplified on the basis of their performance and not

A Reflection on Personal Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Reflection on Personal Life - Essay Example In 1999, when I was 6, I went to the village of my grandparents in Sacramento with my whole family. We went there for the Christmas celebrations and especially to see my parents’ old house in Sacramento. My parents fell in love in their early age living in the same village. The memories of visiting the village are very beautiful and touching. Our cousins and other relatives were very happy to see us during the Christmas holidays, as we never celebrated the event with them previously. I liked the social gathering system there to welcoming the guests very warmly. Maybe, as a child I enjoyed it by playing with children and receiving gifts from Santa and my elder sister could not feel the charms of childhood as I did. After coming back to home, I missed the company of my relatives and the village life; those were very energetic and delightful for me. I got admission in a new school when I was 12 years old. In the growing age, I found my teeth were little crooked. Before joining th e new school, I did not feel it as a fault for my body image, but some bully student of the school exposed it in a harsh manner. I was so depressed on the first day of this realization. I stopped to smile openly by hiding the bad image of my teeth. Mostly, I prayed to have beautiful teeth in the Church. I was a sensitive child and did not like to share my sad feelings with my parents. However, after a few stressful months, I accepted the reality of my teeth but could not mingle with everyone to avoiding any taunting behaviour.

A View From A Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View From A Bridge Essay How does Arthur Millers portrayal of attitudes to family and law within A View From A Bridge cause conflict throughout the whole of the play? By Francesca Jastrzebska A View From A Bridge is the tale of a Sicilian family, who are trying to make a better life for themselves in America. Throughout the play Arthur Miller shows his portrayal of attitudes to family and law by basing the characters on real life people / Storys he has been told by friends and family. By focusing on the different characters I will explore a range of issues such as moments of conflict between the characters in the play and the consequence the characters actions have on everyone else. As Eddie views are the ones that cause the most conflict in the play I will start with him. The first conflict in the play is in the first act when Eddie comes back from work and Catherine is wearing a new skirt and has her hair done differently. Eddie notices and asks her were she is going all dressed up Where you goin all dressed up? Catherine leads Eddie over to the armchair in a loving kind of way and sits him down. As she sits on her heels Eddie makes a comment about her skirt being to short. I think its too short, aint it. This creates tension between the two of them. The tension builds as she argues with him over the skirt and Louis who she was waving to from the window. The skirt and high heels represent the fact that Catherine is growing up and is becoming more feminine. The cause of this tension is the fact that Catherine is growing up and there is nothing Eddie can do to stop her. Later on when the Carbone family are sitting down for dinner Beatrice and Catherine say they have some good news to tell Eddie. Catherine has a job. Eddie however does not think of this as good news as she will be earning her own money and it is a job of her choice. It is another thing that shows that Catherine is growing up. He believes that growing up would involve her moving away and coming back home less and less. Whats the high heels for Garbo?.. Do you me a favour will you? Go ahead. This I believe is the next scene that causes tension between Catherine and Eddie. When Eddie says this it makes Catherine embarrassed and angry that Eddie could make her feel so small in front of the new residents of da house. She gets up giving Eddie a cold look then goes back to what she was doing. Eddie does this to show that he is the man of the house and the people living in it must follow his instructions and commands. When Catherine and Eddie come back late from the cinema, Eddie is outside waiting for them to come home. Beatrice comes out and talks to him about Catherine and Rodolfos relationship. She calls him jealous but trys to cover up the fact that she thinks that it is true she smiles jokingly. (Smiling) Ah, go on, youre just jealous. This causes tension between the husband and wife, as Beatrice believes that its time for Catherine to grow up and she cant do that with Eddie standing over her also that it is her life and if she is making a mistake its her mistake and she needs to learn from it. Later on Beatrice admits that Catherine and Rodolfos relationship is not her only worry. When am I going to be a wife again, Eddie? Eddie says its because he hasnt been feeling well and that the brothers, Marco and Rodolfo, being here bothers him. Beatrice argues that they have only been there for a couple of weeks and hes been like he has for three months. The stage direction before he answers shows that he doesnt want to actually no what is troubling her, as it might make him look less of a man. The next part in the play that causes conflict is when Eddie starts showing Rodolfo how to box. This makes Marco feel uneasy. As Catherine come back into the room eddies tells Rodolfo that he is going to hit him Now Im going to hit you, so block me, see this alarms Catherine seeing the two men in her life that she loves boxing. Eddie punches Rodolfo and he staggers. Marco is the only one that knows eddies hidden agenda. Rodolfo then shows that he may not of been the last one to throw a punch but he still got Catherine by dancing with her. Marco then shows Eddie that he is stronger by lifting up the chair with his one hand. This creates tension by them Act 2 is the final act were all the characters are involved in upsetting Eddie which leaves him with only one solution, to get rid of the brothers. Act two starts with Catherine and Rodolfo talking about getting married and going to live in Italy. Rodolfo believes that living there they will be poor and that they would have a better life in America. How can I bring you from a rich country to suffer in a poor country. They later go into the bedrooms. Unfortunately for them Eddie comes home drunk. Catherine hears him shouting and comes out adjusting her dress. Eddies thinks nothing of it at first but then Rodolfo come out and stands behind her in the doorway. Eddie goes mad and starts shouting at Rodolfo to get out. The causes conflict because Eddie loves Catherine and doesnt want her to be with another man, especially Rodolfo as he makes dresses, cooks and sings. Eddie believes he goes against all the male roles and is too feminine. As Eddie is shouting at Rodolfo Catherine decides it time to grow up and tells Eddie she is leaving. She tells him shes not going to be a baby anymore and he pulls her close and kisses her while she tries to get free of his grip. Rodolfo gets involved and tells Eddie to get off of her and show some respect. This makes Eddie angry, as he should be telling them what to do and that they should show respect. When Marco is trying to get bail he has to promise not to hurt Eddie if he gets out. Marco says in his country Eddie would be dead by now in my country he would be dead now, he would not live this long Hes talking about the Sicilian way of life, the laws of Omerta. Promising not to kill Eddie would be dishonourable. Marco finally promises Alfieri, ashamed, that he wont touch Eddie. When Marco turns up at eddies house he is shouting his name. Eddie believes that he has come to apologies and give his good name back. Now give me my name and we go together to the wedding. This ends in a fight between Eddie and Marco and Eddie dies. Throughout the play Arthur miller shoes his portrayal of laws and family throughout the characters actions. Each character represents something, for example Eddie represents an over protective father and Catherine represents a little girl. They cause conflict because as Catherine grows up Eddie needs to change his ways of controlling Catherine, as she is not little anymore and can make her own choices and decisions.

Alternative Development Possibilities for Church

Alternative Development Possibilities for Church Introduction Description of the Development The site is located in one of Corks most prestigious areas; the property is set on 0.8 of an acre of level ground overlooking the River Lee on the grounds of Our Lady’s hospital. It is ideally located on the Lee Road just 2.4kms west of Cork City adjacent to the historic University College Cork and close to the western routes leading to Blarney (8 kms) and Killarney (80 kms) which is accessible via the newly constructed Ballincollig bypass. Equally accessible, are Cork Airport and major routes to Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. The site is currently selling for â‚ ¬1,900,000 and is zoned commercial. All services including mains water, electricity and mains drainage are located adjacent to the site and are easily accessible. The church is located at the front of the site and provides an excellent development opportunity for the conversion of the existing structure into a bar/bistro. The church is of rubble limestone construction, un-rendered and with cut limestone plinths. The internal area amounts to 100 sq.m with a planned extension of a further 100sq.m at the rear, to provide additional space for the kitchen, store and staff facilities. The walls of the interior are lined with brick and there is an exposed timber truss roof. Adjacent to the church is a parking area, three developments will be considered for this site which includes the construction of a medical centre, crà ¨che or apartments. All services including water, electricity and mains drainage are located adjacent to the site and are easily accessible. Development Region The development is located in the province of Munster and in the county of Cork, which is situated in the South of Ireland. Cork is the commercial and industrial capital of the South West Region with a population of 190,384 people (2006 Census) rising to 454,850 within a 60km radius. Historic Cork The citys name is derived from the Irish word Corcach, meaning marshy place and refers to the fact that the center of Cork City is built on islands, surrounded by the River Lee, which were marshy and subjected to instances of flooding. Traditionally, Saint Finbarre has been credited with the foundation of the monastery of Cork, known to be the earliest human settlement in Cork for which historians have incontrovertible evidence. The location of this monastic settlement was on the area arnd the present-day site of Saint Finbarre’s Cathedral. However the ancestor of the modern city was founded in the 12th century, when Viking settlers established a trading community. In the twelfth century, this settlement was taken over by invading Anglo-Norman settlers. Corks city charter was granted by King John of England in 1185. Over the centuries, much of the city was rebuilt, time and again, after numerous fires. The city was at one time fully walled, and several sections and gates still remaining. During the 19th century important industries in Cork included, brewing, distilling, wool and shipbuilding. In addition, there were some municipal improvements such as gas light street lights in 1825, a local paper, The Cork Examiner was first published in 1841 and, very importantly for the development of modern industry, the railway reached Cork in 1849. Also in 1849, University College Cork opened. Lee Road Area In the early 1760s the Pipe Water Company was established to provide a water supply to the city of Cork. The architect/engineer Davis Ducart designed the Waterworks which were completed by 1768. The site, located on the lee road included a pumping house and open storage reservoirs which were constructed on the hillside to the north of the river at the same location as the present Waterworks buildings. By the late 1840’s it was felt that the water supply to the city required upgrading, as the population of the city was increasing rapidly, new suburbs developing on the city’s north side could not benefit from the existing system. In 1854, the Pipe Water Company instructed John Benson, had prepared a plan for a new Waterworks, Work began with the laying of new cast-iron mains pipes in 1857 and continued for a number of years. By February 1859 these new water pipes had reached the military barracks on the Old Youghal Road. By this time the Pipe Water Company had been taken over by Cork Corporation, who remains in charge of the municipal water supply to this day. (Lifetime Labs) Local Industry Corks main area of industry is in pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where their computers are manufactured and their European call centre, RD and Apple-Care is hosted. In total, they currently employ over 1,800 staff. EMC Corporation located in the area of Ovens, in the outskirts of the city is another large I.T. employer with over 1,600 staff in their 52,000 sq metre (560,000 sq. ft.) engineering, manufacturing, and technical services facility. Many of these large multinational organisations have been attracted to the area due the low corporation tax rate of 12.5%. Planning Issues and Restrictions After consultation with a Cork City Planning officer a number of issues were raised regarded the conditions of the planning. The site lies within a category A Landscape Protection Zone as per Cork Coty Development Plan 2004. This category of land is defined in Table 8.1 of the Development Plan as â€Å"Visually important land, including land forming the setting to existing buildings† According to paragraph 8.20 of the Plan â€Å"There will be a general presumption by means of a landscape assessment and appropriate landscape and building design proposals† The proposed site at the Lee Road is a visually sensitive area, the design of the structures will therefore have to be landscape rather than building orientated. As stated in Policy BE 8 of the Development Plan: â€Å"The City Council will endeavour to devise and implement policies to positively encourage and facilitate the careful refurbishment of historic built environment for sustainable and economically viable uses.† To comply with plan it will be necessary to adhere to following conditions: The development shall be carried out in accordance with the drawings and specifications submitted. A visual impact study must be conducted to determine how the how the development will affect the landscape. The redevelopment of the chapel shall be supervised by a conservation consultant with appropriate qualifications and/or experience in conservation and restoration of historic buildings in order to protect the architectural characteristics and visual appearance of this existing structure. The contractor appointed shall have an expertise and demonstrate high standards of workmanship and have previous experience in restoration of historic structures. The site is not considered suitable for a â€Å"super-pub† or for a nightclub. In order to protect the character and amenities of the area, the development is restricted to be used as a restaurant with ancillary public house. Under the Landscape Assessment Guidelines (2000) the classification of the site at the Lee Road was obtained from the following table: The site is classified as a category A as it forms part of the setting for the existing landmark building (Former Our Lady’s Hospital). The guidelines state that: There will be a general presumption against development in Landscape Protection Zones unless it can be demonstrated by means of a visual landscape assessment and appropriate building design proposal that the proposed development will enhance the overall landscape character of the site and its visual context. Factors Favouring Refurbishment In the initial feasibility for the Lee Road church, it was necessary to consider the advantages and disadvantages to its refurbishment. Consideration will be given to both the social and economic factors. Social Factors in favour of refurbishment Energy/Resource conservation – Just as there is a current growing awareness of the need to recycle domestic waste, buildings with a useable structure should also be recycled. Preservation of historic buildings – The church on the grounds of the site is listed as a protected structure, buildings which are historic merit need to be refurbished to maintain their integrity and thereby the amenity for the nation. Social resistance to change – Buildings are an integral part of an urban fabric and society may well demonstrate forceful views in restricting change. Its arguments will centre upon: retaining historical and social continuity preserving familiar landscape scenes conserving existing communities and the social fabric Economic Factors in favour of refurbishment Shorter construction period – A refurbishment scheme can usually be carried out quicker than redevelopment which results in: a prompt turnover of finance; earlier occupation of the building; quicker return on capital employed; a reduction in the effects of inflation, high interest rates and other risks. Condition of the building – In the case of the Lee Road church, the structure itself is in relatively sound condition, the savings on the building components may make a refurbishment scheme cheaper than reconstruction. Expectation of high land values – The future expectation of high land values may provoke refurbishment to create a short life use so as to occupy the building and keep the site in its present use until fully ripe for exploitation. This will avoid leaving a building empty for long periods while long term plans are being formulated. Constraints on development – site conditions and organisational constraints (e.g. Cork County Council planning restrictions) may make redevelopment unsuitable for a particular or intended use and therefore unprofitable. Limiting Factors in refurbishment One of the major factors in factors in favour of the refurbishment of the church is the cost saving from the retention of the existing materials, whilst this can reduce the total cost of the scheme, the following criteria required consideration. Diminishing returns – The economic life of a building can be said to end when a site value in a new use exceeds the value of the existing building. A building requires redevelopment when the value of the building is below the potential use value of the land and hence yields a diminishing return. Life expectancy – Property investment tends to be long-term in nature and normally a paying back of sixty year is allowed in property investment calculations. There is little doubt that a new building will last the sixty years or more, whereas a refurbished building may not have been designed and constructed with materials appropriate for long life. High cost of borrowing – In general, financial institutions are unprepared to invest in old buildings due to inherent high financial risks. If they provide finance the assumption of high risk can often lead to a higher rate of interest. Management of refurbishment – the extent of work is not predictable; hence very difficult to design, cost plan and cost control. It can often be a complex, non-repetitive and labour intensive operation and does not facilitate high productivity. Attract high tender prices- the contactor will often assume a high undefined risk element and uncertainty of cost when the pre-contract survey is inadequate. Increased cost of Health and Safety Source: Harlow (1994) Rationale for Refurbishment After taking all factors into consideration, it was felt that the benefits of refurbishment outweigh the costs of redevelopment. Also according to Harlow (1994) the emphasis is moving towards conservation leading to the search for historical and social continuity by fining ways of re-using an existing fabric rather than accelerating the cycle of replacement† The structure itself is in a reasonable sound condition with only minor restorations required; reusing the existing building will decrease construction time, reduce site overheads and retain the historical and social continuity of the Lee road area. Review of alternative development possibilities Development 1 – Medical Centre The first development to contribute to the bar/bistro development is the construction of a medium sized three storey structures; this will comprise 2 No. doctor’s surgeries, a nurse’s office and associated accommodation including waiting, reception and storage areas. It has a floor area of approx 800m2 and an overall ridge height of 8.2m. Its overall design is of a contemporary nature utilizing feature glazing and an extended limestone surround to complement the features of the adjacent church. Early Feasibility Study Project Location Item Description Cost/m2 Floor Area Total Cost 1.0 Site Clearance â‚ ¬80.00 610 â‚ ¬48,800.00 2.0 Substructure â‚ ¬150.00 610 â‚ ¬91,500.00 3.0 Superstructure â‚ ¬380.00 610 â‚ ¬231,800.00 4.0 Internal Finishes â‚ ¬270.00 610 â‚ ¬164,700.00 5.0 Fittings and Furnishings â‚ ¬150.00 610 â‚ ¬91,500.00 6.0 Service Installations â‚ ¬555.00 610 â‚ ¬338,550.00 7.0 External Works â‚ ¬163.00 610 â‚ ¬99,430.00 8.0 Preliminaries â‚ ¬110.00 610 â‚ ¬67,100.00 9.0 Contingencies â‚ ¬20,000.00 Total Estimated Cost â‚ ¬1,153,380.00 Income Rental Price Per Month 6000 Rental Price Per Annum 72000 Total Income per Annum 72000 Expenditure Maintenance 7000 Landscaping 2500 9500 Profit per annum 62500 0 -1183880 1 62500 2 68750 Rate -1.595% 3 75625 4 83188 5 91506 6 100657 7 110723 8 117366 9 124408 10 131872 Net Present Value IR £0.00 Internal Rate of Return -1.5949% Development 2 – Crà ¨che This development entails the construction a crà ¨che that will serve the 180 apartments in Atkins Hall, River Towers and The Mews. The structure will be single storey building with car parking at the rear. The crà ¨che will accommodate up to 30 children (depending on ages). Other facilities would include a fully equipped indoor play area and an out-door playground. There is no doubt that there is demand for a crà ¨che in the area, the development would cater for the residents of the nearby apartments. Students of the nearby University College Cork could also utilize these facilities. Crà ¨che Early Feasibility Study Site Clearance â‚ ¬80.00 610 â‚ ¬48,800.00 Substructure â‚ ¬150.00 610 â‚ ¬91,500.00 Superstructure â‚ ¬380.00 610 â‚ ¬231,800.00 Internal Finishes â‚ ¬270.00 610 â‚ ¬164,700.00 Fittings and Furnishings â‚ ¬200.00 610 â‚ ¬122,000.00 Service Installations â‚ ¬555.00 610 â‚ ¬338,550.00 External Works â‚ ¬163.00 610 â‚ ¬99,430.00

DDC Technologies for Energy Management

DDC Technologies for Energy Management Introduction Ever since the energy crisis, when digital controls (then called EMCS for energy management and control systems) were unceremoniously ushered into widespread use for HVAC control, the industry has tried to make them look and act like the pneumatic controls they have superseded. Only occasionally are some of the profoundly expanded opportunities available with digital controls applied effectively. Furthermore, terms like reset schedule and direct acting, relevant only to pneumatic systems, are still commonly employed in what is now the digital controls era. While the process of transition to digital control technologies tolerates this mixed bag, a multitude of new demands are requiring our industry to move ahead and realize the full potential of digital control technologies. Building occupants are demanding more comfortable and higher quality environments. Building owners continue to press for greater economies in construction, operation, and maintenance. Finally, a variety of pressures are upon us to provide more precise control and documentation that standards for temperature, ventilation, and indoor air quality are being met. In this article, I will discuss how DDC technologies permit a new flexibility in the traditional rules concerning the need for linear signals and responses with input and output devices. When properly applied, this new flexibility can reduce the cost of DDC technologies. Next month, I will show how, by combining these fundamentals with emerging inter manufacturer controls integration, designers can achieve new horizons in performance and energy efficiency. HVAC Control System A HVAC control system is a computerized system for climate control in buildings. HVAC stands for humidity, ventilation , air-conditioning. Often, these integrate fire, security, and lighting controls into one system. These systems typically use one or more central controllers to command and monitor the remote terminal unit controllers, and they communicate with one or more personal computers that are used as the operator interface. These control systems are typically used on large commercial and industrial buildings to allow central control of many HVAC units around the building(s). The latest systems use the building ethernet for communications between central controllers, and allow operator access from a web browser. Direct Digital Control Central controllers and most terminal unit controllers are programmable, meaning the direct digital control program code may be customized for the intended use. The program features include time schedules, setpoints, controllers, logic, timers, trend logs, and alarms. The unit controllers typically have analog and digital inputs, that allow measurement of the variable (temperature, humidity, or pressure) and analog and digital outputs for control of the medium (hot/cold water and/or steam). Digital inputs are typically (dry) contacts from a control device, and analog inputs are typically a voltage or current measurement from a variable (temperature, humidity, velocity, or pressure) sensing device. Digital outputs are typically relay contacts used to start and stop equipment, and analog outputs are typically voltage or current signals to control the movement of the medium (air/water/steam) control devices.(Valves/dampers/motor speed) It was only natural that the first HVAC controllers would be pneumatic, as the engineers understood fluid control. Thus mechanical engineers could use their experience with the properties of steam and air to control the flow of heated or cooled air. To this day, there is pneumatic HVAC equipment in operation, which can be a century old, in some buildings, such as schools and offices. After the control of air flow and temperature was standardized, the use of electromechanical relays in ladder logic, to switch dampers became standardized. Eventually, the relays became electronic switches, as transistors eventually could handle greater current loads. By 1985, pneumatic control could no longer compete with this new technology. By the year 2000, computerized controllers were common. Today, some of these controllers can even be accessed by web browsers, which need no longer be in the same building as the HVAC equipment. This allows some economies of scale, as a single operations center can easily monitor thousands of buildings. Why Linear Devices? When pneumatic controls dominated our industry, building owners paid a high price for modulati n g l o o p p e r for m a n c e and stability. One of the prices paid was the requirement that input and output devices be linear with respect to the system variable they sensed or controlled. This need for linear response was essential to match the limited control capabilities of pneumatic controllers. A number of rules and conventions were established within our industry that made achieving this linear response requirement easier. Among these were the development of the equal percentage valve, which included the seemingly backwards rule of thumb that called for sizing control valves smaller than the pipe size. Similarly, mechanical sensing devices were constructed to provide linear change in control air pressure over their entire sensing range. While these conventions and rules of thumb served the days of pneumatics, they now need to be rethought. Requiring what I call external linearization in digital control designs adds costs in two ways. Linear devices are often more expensive than nonlinear devices that may offer improved levels of performance in DDC applications. Further, linear output conventions, such as designing a high pressure drop through valves or dampers, carry a substantial continuous operating energy penalty. By developing new rules and conventions, the knowledgeable designer can produce designs that have lower first and operating costs and may operate more reliably as well. Linear Devices in the DDC Era The need for linear response in modulating control loops has not been eliminated by the introduction of digital controls. While digital controls offer improved modulating control capabilities, including proportional/integral/derivative (PID) controllers, these control loops continue to be based on the principle of linear response, at least over certain ranges. However, in most typical applications, digital controls can easily internally linearize both input signals and output control functions. Internal Linearization of Inputs One way to reduce the cost of some DDC configurations is to permit nonlinear input devices and use the DDC system for scaling to achieve the correct reading over the range required for the application. I continue to see DDC specifications that limit the selection of input devices to those that provide a linear signal to the DDC system over a wide range of values. Except in special cases, this is an unnecessary requirement that adds costs and may cause other problems. Consider temperature sensors. Fig. 1 shows a resistance curve for an inexpensive thermistor type temperature sensor that may be employed for room temperature sensing. Thermistors are excellent choices for HVAC applications. They are inexpensive, have excellent accuracy and very low hysteresis, and respond quickly to temperature changes. Furthermore, at temperatures normally involved in HVAC applications, thermistors have excellent long-term stability (some care should be taken in choosing thermistors when temperature may rise above 240 F). Finally, because thermistors are typically high resistance (10,000 ohms is typical), they are not affected by variations in wiring distances. However, some designers continue to exclude thermistors because the input signal is not linear with temperature over wide temperature ranges. Instead, low impedance RTD type sensors are often specified. This type of sensor typically requires an electric circuit at the sensor that linearizes and transmits the signal in a way that it will not be affected by wiring resistance (usually a current loop signal is used). Employing low resistance RTD sensors with additional electronics presents a number of potential problems in DDC applications. First is the matter of accuracy. While the RTD sensors themselves provide excellent accuracy, it is not uncommon to find end-toend accuracies (I use end-to-end as the comparison of the value read by a precision thermometer at the device compared with the actual reading at the DDC system operators terminal) out of tolerance. Calibration of the current loop input may be more difficult than that of a simple resistance type thermistor. Other potential problems with RTDs range from the additional electronics (usually located at the device) that may complicate reliability issues all the way to how the Sensor curve 2 Nonlinear sensor resistance curve. The sensor performance curve is a smooth curve over the sensors operating pressure. The DDC linearized curve is a series of straight lines that closely approximates the sensors performance sensor and electronics are configured, which on occasion has been found to affect adversely the sensor signal. Table functions that are now readily available with DDC products can be employed to scale thermistors and other nonlinear devices over a wide range of values. Fig. 2 shows how a DDC system can linearize a continuous, nonlinear sensor input curve with a table function. A number of straight line curves are established in the table function to approximate closely the nonlinear function of the device. As long as simple, inexpensive devices can meet the repeatability, hysteresis, and stability requirements for an HVAC application, such devices should not be rejected because their signals are not linear. Requirement of Linear Output Once it is understood that input devices need not be linear, it is not a great leap to recognize that the response from output devices controlled by analog outputs similarly need not be linear. However, the issues here are more complex and more ingrained in the rules of thumb that engineers frequently apply automatically, so some indepth discussion is required. Because of the pneumatic background, valve design manuals commonly stress the need to select coil/valve combinations for which equal increments in valve position will effect equal increments in heat transfer of a typical heating or cooling coil throughout the stroke of the valve actuator. Fig. 3 shows how traditional design practice seeks to linearize the overall performance of valve and cooling coil. Carefully selecting a coil and valve combination can provide nearly linear performance over the entire range of load possibilities. Such selection is done because it is assumed that the valve will be operated by a controller with a fixed proportional gain. Though this design principle is still widely employed, it is no longer applicable in many modern HVAC applications. In VAV cooling coil applications, the variations of air flow and air/chilled water temperature characteristics act to change dynamically the heat transfer characteristics of the valve/coil arrangement as these parameters change. This makes it very difficult to select a valve/coil combination that will be linear through the variety of conditions that may accompany its operation. The higher performance of DDC systems permits designers much greater flexibility in the design of modulating controls without establishing static (and therefore unrealistic) design criteria. Fig. 4 shows a valve and coil combination that does not provide a linear response of valve position to coil capacity. However, modern DDC systems permit scaling tables to be applied to analog outputs as well as the inputs. Output scaling permits an inherently nonlinear device combination to respond in a linear fashion to signals from the DDC system. In this example, the valve and coil combination provides about 70 percent of the design cooling capacity at about 20 percent valve travel. The DDC output to the valve can be adjusted with the scaling table to position the valve at 20 percent travel at a 70 percent output signal from the DDC system. The scaling factor allows standard PID control to operate the valve effectively because of a software linearization of the valve/coil combination. However, the chilled water flow and heat transfer performance assumed for Fig. 4 is valid only for constant load-side flows and inlet temperatures and for constant chilled water supply temperatures. Whether inherent in the system design or for optimization reasons, rarely in real HVAC applications do these other variables remain constant as control loops operate. As previously discussed, the issue of linear output combinations has therefore been only weakly resolved in the past by attempting to linearize components at one set of system conditions. Obtaining good control over wide ranges of system conditions can be resolved far more completely and effectively with the higher performance capabilities of DDC systems. The proportional, integral, and derivative gains can be tied to algorithms that adjust their values as the variables such as load-side flow, temperatures, and chilled water temperature change. Even more impressive is the emergence of self-tuning controllers. These controllers continually re-establish the various gains associated with a control loop to provide continuously precise control without hunting. The benefits of self-tuning are especially important because variables beyond the immediate control loop can have profound and widely varying effects on each control loop. Self-tuning features are becoming widely available with DDC systems and are enormously effective in adjusting control loops to continue stable operation as other system variables change. Controllability As previously discussed, selecting equipment for linear response should not be an overriding consideration for designers in this era of digital controls. However, this does not mean designers can be imprecise in their designs or in the selection of control loop components. The issue of controllability is one that will continue to play a prominent role both in the design of systems and the selection of individual components. Controllability remains largely a sizing issue. If a valve is oversized for given conditions such that the smallest increment possible from the control loop will substantially overshoot the desired control conditions, the loop has become uncontrollable. This is a problem that typically emerges during periods of low load. Fully understanding the issue of controllability and applying DDC capabilities correctly allows designers to solve such problems and at the same time vastly improve the efficiency and performance of these systems. Selecting a control valve with a lower pressure drop will reduce the pumping power required to meet the load conditions. Traditional practice strongly condemns the idea of employing large valves with lower pressure drops because of the nonlinear response and the lack of controllability at low loads. Fig. 5 illustrates the dilemma. The valve/coil combination with Valve A may be selected according to traditional design practice because it is reasonably controllable at low loads. The vertical axis intercept represents the smallest incremental cooling transfer possible as the valve is cracked open. Note that it is small-only about 10 percent of the design maximum cooling rate. The coil combination with Valve B has a much lower pressure drop because Valve B is a larger size valve. While valve/coil Combination B would require less pumping power, the Y-axis intercept is much higher than that for Combination A. Traditional design criteria typically declare Valve B unsuitable for the application because it is uncontrollable at lower loads and the valve position/ cooling capacity relationship is nonlinear. But when it is integrated with a high-performance control system that can adjust both the chilled water temperature and the loop head pressure, will linearity and controllability of Combination B really be a problem? System Dynamics To see how this question can be answered, consider the graphs in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 6 shows the operation curves for valve/coil Combination B at a number of different approach (chilled water supply less air temperature leaving coil) temperature conditions. It is clear that increasing the chilled water temperature relative to the leaving air temperature markedly improves the controllability at low loads. Similarly, Fig. 7 illustrates that the decrease in pressure across the valve/coil combination also improves the controllability at low loads. Designers can use these relationships to reduce substantially the problem of controllability. At periods of uniform low loads, the DDC system can reduce the head pressure across a valve and increase the chilled water temperature to improve controllability. If all valves on a common chilled water loop experience similar decreases in load concurrently, as is typical in many HVAC applications, this parameter adjustment is a great help in improving controllability at low loads. It is apparent from the two figures that larger rangeability and low load controllability are achieved by controlling the chilled water temperature for load adjustment. Raising the chilled water temperature provides a bonus of chiller efficiency increases, but chilled water adjustment reduces pumping savings because a higher chilled water temperature increases the water flow necessary to meet loads. Additionally, under certain circumstances dehumidification requirements may limit the permissible chilled water adjustment. Exploiting the integrated control capabilities of DDC systems and controlling chilled water temperature and hydronic loop pressure in coordination with the control valves allows valve/coil Combination B to perform very well in many HVAC applications. Next month we will focus on the level of integration required to make valve/coil Configuration B operate effectively. We will discuss integrating the operation of the various equipment involved in providing comfort, possible now through the industry moves to provide communication bridges among manufacturers. By concentrating on selecting the most costeffective input/output devices and by utilizing the emerging communications pathways between equipment from various suppliers, we will see that new horizons of performance and energy efficiency can be attained with simple and economical controls configurations. Designers must exploit the benefits of higher performing DDC systems to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of interfacing hardware points to DDC systems. In so doing, a more in-depth look into total system operation must be evaluated before solutions are selected. Simply following traditional rules of thumb regarding linear input and output devices is a poor design practice in this digital controls era. DDC and Small and Medium Size Buildings The control of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is changing as a result of applying direct digital control (DDC) techniques to HVAC control. This report outlines the main features of DDC compared with conventional pneumatic control and shows that, for small-to-medium-size buildings, the DDC system can pay for itself within two years, after which it affects net savings over pneumatic systems. Comparison between Pneumatic Control and DDC Direct digital control of HVAC systems is the direct monitoring of every system input (temperature, flow, pressure) and direct control of every system output (position, onlaff) from a central controller which is a single computer or combination of computers. DDC is a simple concept, but its significance is not obvious until it is compared with traditional forms of HVAC control. Traditionally, the control of HVAC systems was based on independent pneumatic controllers, which used compressed air t o operate the dampers and valve actuators t o control space condition such as temperature, humidity and fresh-air circulation. One building would have several such systems, which were controlled independently. For example, an air-handling system composed of two fans, three dampers and three valves (Figure 1) would be controlled by local pneumatic controllers which operated as independent units. Each controller had a simple task: to maintain a constant set point (for example, supply air temperature) by monitoring and controlling a very l i m i t e d number of variables connected to it by means of compressed air lines whose pressures represented the values of the variables. The control was adjusted mechanically by a technician in the field, and, as calibration of the pneumatic components was rarely carried out, these systems often did not control the building efficient ly. Because the pneumatic controllers were purely electromechanical devices, their sophistication and accuracy of control were extremely limited. A later variant (of pneumatic control) also employed pneumatic centrals, but w i t h the addition of a computer system. This computes system monitored some additional points (for example, space temperatures) and either calculated new set points for each pneumatic controller or allowed an operator at a computer terminal to transmit manual set points to the pneumatic controllers. Although this newer variant aided the building manager by providing more information about building conditions and performance, overall effective control of the building was still compromised by the local pneumatic controllers. Each controlled point was still operated by a pneumatic controller with very limited sophistication and virtually no flexibility. These limitations became more important as ways to manage energy became more sophisticated, Some WAC system, such as variable air volume (VAV) systems, required an accuracy of control not attainable in most cases by pneumatic controllers. As a result, building energy managers were frustrated by their inability to improve the control strategies without rebuilding the pneumatic control system for each change. DDC has solved both problems;. Instead of independent local pneumatic controllers, DDC uses control or monitoring points, each connected to a computer (or interconnected computers) which reads the value of each input and transmits commands to each output (Figure 2). The control strategies are implemented by computer programs, which can be changed by the operator at will. Also, each strategy has available to it the value of every system input instead of a very l i m i t e d local set. In short, under the DDC concept, the entire building operates as one integrated system rather than as independent srrrall systems. Four main results accrue: Control can be as simple or sophisticated as desired, and can be changed easily; The system is more reliable because fewer electromechanical components are needed; Control is more accurate because of the inherent greater accuracy of DDC electronic components; and Energy is saved because an overall strategy eliminates energy waste resulting from simultaneous heating and cooling, which usually occurs in pneumatic systems. The ability of DDC to accommodate virtually any control strategy has had a dramatic impact on mechanical design. Some new mechanical systems can operate in many different modes, depending on external conditions, space temperatures, season, condition of storage tanks, and utility-pricing structures. DDC allows such systems to be operated continuously in their optimum modes, a standard which simply cannot be attained by ordinary pneumatic systems or even pneumatic systems with computer monitoring. Consequently, mechanical designers are now free to d e s i g n the best energy system for a particular building with the assurance that whatever control strategies they specify can be carried out. Each loop at the remote processors can activate itself independent of the others; however, the most efficient use of energy is achieved by controlling all the loops through the central processor. Scheduling air-conditioning and heating loads and selectively dropping electrical loads if the total building power approaches the demand limit are two common energy optimization features available. Other features, such as optimal stop/start, which calculates the optimum starting and stopping times of heating/cooling units to prepare spaces for occupancy without wasting energy, are also used as part of an over-all strategy. Most of these optimization routines do not require any additional hardware since they are implemented by simply adding programs that sense existing inputs and change the strategy for controlling existing output actuators. The building owner or manager who uses DDC effectively needs feedback to evaluate his strategies for optimizing building performance. DDC simplifies this process because it continually monitors each input directly and has storage capacity to keep files of the historical data thus obtained. These historical data can be plotted in color on a TV screen or summarized and printed in report format for management review. The most advanced DDC systems (Figure 3) include a generalized report generator which can produce nee types of reports at any time rather than limit the user to the reports engaged when the system was procured* This feature of DDC i s particularly important since the owners power to change his energy strategy generally creates a need for new reports on energy-sensitive areas identified by continued use of the system. An ancillary benefit is the ability of the DDG system to include facilities other than WAC. With little increase in cost, factors such as control of security and lighting can be added to the system, thereby enabling greater energy savings and eliminating the need to purchase separate systems for badge reading and door-lock control. There is no doubt that DDC offers more effective energy management than conventional controls but, until very recently, its application to HVAC installations has been limited to large building complexes. Many small- and medium size building installations do not use DDC mainly because of its high cost. In the following sections a typical small building is analyzed and DDC is compared with pneumatic control on a cost and payback basis. Small Building Systems The cost of an HVAC controls Installation is generally related to the number of points t o be monitored or controlled, where each point is defined as an analog or digital input (e.g., temperature sensor, fan status switch) or analog or digital output (e.g. damper position or pump on/off control. Each building system, such as air handling, domestic hot water, or chilled water, includes a certain number of points. A recent study which included detailed analysis of a series of building HVAC system, showed that a small- to medium-size building of about 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft .) would contain about 180 points, of which 35% would be analog inputs, 19% analog outputs, 25% digital inputs and 21% digital outputs. Although different building configurations and mechanical designs would affect the distribution of point types, the total number of points for a building of this size would usually be close to 180. Designing a DDC System Given the building layout and the number of points in HVAC equipment, the single greatest design trade-off is that between centralization and distribution of computer power. At the fully centralized extreme a single central computer controls all functions directly and all points are wired to it. At the other extreme (fully distributed), a smaller central computer is connected t o a myriad of other small computers, each of which is wired to 10 to 20 nearby points, In this second instance the central machine presides aver the whole system and controls the points through the intermediary of the remote processors. Each remote processor can control a single HVAC system (e.g. air-handling unit, chiller) independently. A median approach is to employ a moderate number of remote units each of which is wired to 50 t o 120 points. Although all these approaches utilize the benefits of DDC, the three levels of centralization/distribution involve three factors that must be weighed against one another. The first factor is the cost of computer hardware. The fully-centralized approach employs a single processor, which is the least expensive since it combines all the computing power in one place w i t h one enclosure and no duplication of functions. The fully-distributed approach requires the heaviest capital cost for computer hardware. The second factor is electrical installation cost. The fully distributed arrangement yields the lowest installation cost because each remote processor can be located very close to its points and thus wiring runs are short. The fully-centralized arrangement may be quite expensive unless all points are in one mechanical room. The median arrangement (Figure 4) may be the most economical over-all because four remote processors can be used, one in a penthouse, one in some other logical location such as a basement mechanical room, and others on various floors of the building. The third factor is reliability. The fully-centralized scheme is most sensitive to failure since failure of the single computer causes the entire system to fail. Although the system can be made to fail safely, a system failure is inconvenient. The fully-distributed scheme is least sensitive since any component computer can fail while still leaving all the others running, but, as previously mentioned, the cost of the computing equipment is highest. A median approach for small buildings makes good sense; a compromise on all factors is established by designing a system consisting of a central computer and four remote units. Cost Analysis: DDC versus Pneumatic Control The installed cost of DDC systems has traditionally been higher than for pneumatic sys tens, especially in small installations, where the cost of the DDC control processor is spread over fewer points. The cost of a pneumatic system tends to rise linearly with the number of points, as a large system requires more independent local controllers, whereas with DDC a central processor is required even for system with very few points. However, the rapidly falling cost of computing hardware has eroded the historical price difference between DDC and pneumatic installations. For a specific building of 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft.), the installed cost of a pneumatic system is about 75% of the cost of a DDC system Although the initial cost of a DDC system is higher than for a pneumatic system, it can be recovered in a surprisingly short time . It is realistic to assume that a DDC system will yield a 10X% energy saving over and above conventional pneumatic control, due simply to its more accurate a nd sophisticated control, and t o its ability to provide the building owner with information about building performance and areas where energy should be better controlled. Features such as load shed and flexible scheduling alone will produce large energy savings, and these savings will increase as the owner becomes more familiar with the operation of the building. If we assume yearly maintenance costs of $12,000 and $10,000 for the DDC and pneumatic systems respectively, and an energy usage of 322 equivalent kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/sq.ft./yr.) at $0.0275 per kWh for both systems, it will take 1.4 years more for the DDC to pay for itself than it will for the pneumatic system when used in the building under consideration. After that time the DDC system will save money compared with the pneumatic controls. Another simple calculation shows that for a three-year payback the DDC energy saving need be only 5.7%, an e

The Dangers and Safety Precautions Related to the Olfactory Dysfunction Anosmia :: Medicine Medicinal Medical Essays

The Dangers and Safety Precautions Related to the Olfactory Dysfunction Anosmia Imagine the smell of some freshly baked cookies hot out of the oven, or the clean smell of a brand new car's interior. Have you ever thought what it might be like to never smell these scents again? What if you could not smell your dinner burning on the stove or the fact that the baby needs a diaper change? The National Institutes of Health in 1979 found that around 200,000 people consult their doctors every year for the decreased or total loss of smell (Crawford and Sounder, 95). The disorder is anosmia, the loss of the sense of smell, usually from a sinus infection or a nasal obstruction, which lasts only temporarily. Anosmia is also known as a permanent condition commonly resulting from a head injury or disease, such as airopic rhinitis or chronic rhititus associated with granulomatous disease, which destroys either the olfactory nerve. This smell disorder can also be caused by psychological factors, such as a specific fear of a particular smell (Mosby, 94). Of then five senses, smell seems to be the least appreciated (Gillyatt, 97). Society always gives attention to the senses that appear most necessary: sight and hearing. Touch and taste appear more important because it is obvious that without them life becomes more challenging (Gillyatt, 97). Humans are microsmatic, which means that the sense of smell is not necessary for survival like with animals (Goldstein, 99). The sense of smell can protect people and therefore is important. Smell also makes things enjoyable (Gillyatt, 97). For instance, when eating a favorite food the taste is much more flavorful when feeling healthy opposed to being congested. Humans can recognize as many as 10,000 different scents, compared to the sense of taste , which is limited to four basic categories: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter (Gillyatt, 97). The sense of smell is very important, but taken for granted. Everyone should be aware of anosmia because as people age the disorder becomes more and more common . Approximately fifty percent of people over 65 years of age have experienced a decrease in smell (Schiffman, 94). It is apparent that the weakening of the sense of smell is age related (Cain and Stevens, 86). Anosmia is a disorder that needs to be taken seriously. The permanent loss of smell can be hazardous to ones health if not dealt with properly.

Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism :: Essays Papers

Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism In the current post-impeachment proceedings the question becomes whom it has affected most and what it will mean to them and their agenda. Obvious groups that will suffer most from the impeachment that are subject to the after effects are the Republican Party and American politics in general. As far as individuals are concerned, Monica Lewinsky has a good deal of post-scandal baggage. But what about those who will experience the effects of Monica and what she represents as a woman in American society? The movement which has suffered the most in the standpoint of social and political agenda are the Feminists. Using Feminist criticism to analyze the discourse surrounding and as well as by the speaker, Monica, I aim to reveal how women's place in society led by the Feminist's has changed due the sex scandal and where it maybe headed next. In looking at this aspect of the scandal it becomes crucial not just to analyze the discourse of Feminists and Monica but to find it in a larger scheme of a society which shapes many of the gender roles and pressures put on individuals to look and act in certain ways. There is an evident change in the role of women in American society that has occurred as a result of the scandal which is important not just to the Feminists and their supporters but to any female who enters the public arena and is faced with pressures and expectations put on them as a result of their gender. As a leading special interest group, Feminists, who are politically active concerning gender roles in society, have been at the forefront of the Paula Jones case and the Lewinksy-Clinton scandal. What comes at odds with the Feminist stance in politics is a womanizing Democratic President that they support and his opportunizing and provocative young mistress. It was something the Feminists were neither prepared for nor easily responded to when given the option of a liberal President with sexual issues or the conservative, Republican moralists taking charge. We deplore his misconduct but we also understand the hypocrisy of his opponents. We Have years of progress at stake if the President is hounded out of office. But worse yet, We wish the ushering into power of a puritanical or fundamentaliststs, sex police which Speaks of freedom but allows government to destroy the right of privacy.

Essay --

Genetically Modified Plants and its Impacts Biotechnology, a merging of biology and technology, has greatly contributed to our current well-being. Scientists employ biotechnology to develop medicinal treatments, alternative energy, and agricultural products. Its advances also enable scientists to alter organisms through genetic engineering, a biotechnological technique, involving modification of DNA and the transfer of gene components between species to promote replication of specific traits. Scientists apply this technique to a wide range of organisms including plants. Genetically modified plants (GM), namely transgenic plants, contain traits such as better nutritional quality, tolerance to insecticide and diseases, and greater yield. These GM crops impose benefits on human health, environment, and economics. However, a number of scientists and organizations criticize GM crops despite its advantages. The opposition argues that GM crops put potential risk on not only human health but also the environment, leading to increasi ng use of herbicide and allergic reaction in some people. Evidence regarding GM crops controversy reveals how biotech companies suppress research that would otherwise reveal adverse effects of transgenic plants to the public. Genetic engineering is a modern biotechnology technique, which allows gene slicing and transferring between one organism and another. This altered genetic make-up results in the change of certain protein production that indirectly removes or adds certain features to modified organisms. Genetic modification differs from traditional biotechnology because genes of animals, plants, and bacteria can be combined to create organisms with altered traits that would not occur naturally. This tech... ...n manipulating and limiting independent research on GM plants clearly undermines the credibility of information obtained through research institutions funded by these companies. The majority of published researches has shown potential benefits of GM plants in producing more nutritious foods, decreasing use of insecticide, and increasing farmers’ profits. However, there is a tendency that these studies are conducted in favor of biotech companies. The studies on GM plants’ negative impacts are still scarce due to manipulation by biotech companies. Due to the lack of independent scientific research on the impacts of transgenic plants, it is crucial for consumer to have the right to choose whether they want to consume GM plants or not. To do so, GM labeling law must be passed. And it can only be done if more consumers participate and support the GM labeling movement. â€Æ'

Week 7

* Use a spreadsheet to develop a point-scoring matrix and determine which system Mark should select. Software| Â  | Â  | Weighted Score| weighted score| weighted score| Fulfillment of business needs| 100| Â  | 600| 800| 900| Acceptance in marketplace| 30| Â  | 180| 180| 180| Quality of documentation| 50| Â  | 350| 450| 400| Quality of warranty| 50| Â  | 200| 400| 350| Ease of use| 80| Â  | 560| 480| 400| Control features| 50| Â  | 450| 350| 450| Flexibility| 20| Â  | 80| 100| 180| Security features| 30| Â  | 120| 120| 240| Modularity| 30| Â  | 240| 150| 120|Integration with other software| 30| Â  | 240| 270| 180| Quality of support utilities| 50| Â  | 450| 400| 250| Vendor| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Reputation and reliability| 10| Â  | 30| 90| 60| Experience with similar systems| 20| Â  | 100| 100| 120| Installation assistance| 70| Â  | 630| 280| 430| Training assistance| 35| Â  | 140| 280| 210| Timeliness of maintenance| 35| Â  | 175| 140| 140| Hardware| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Internal memory size (RAM)| 70| Â  | 350| 420| 560| Hard-drive capacity| 40| Â  | 360| 360| 200| Graphics capabilities| 50| Â  | 350| 350| 400| Processing speed| 30| Â  | 240| 240| 150|Overall performance| 40| Â  | 360| 400| 400| Expandability| 50| Â  | 350| 100| 500| Support for network technology| 30| Â  | 90| 120| 210| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | 6645| 6580| 7030| * b. Susan Shelton did not agree with Mark’s weightings and suggested the following When the changes are made, which vendor should Mark recommend? Mark should recommend VENDOR 3 * c. Mark’s manager suggested the following changes to Susan’s weightings: Reputation and reliability| 90| Installation assistance| 40| Experience with similar systems| 40| Training assistance| 65| Internal memory size| 10| Will the manager’s changes affect the decision about which system to buy? Yes the sum total of all the changes will directly affect the outcome of which system they will purchase. * d. what can you conclude about point scoring from the changes made by Susan and Mark’s manager? Develop your own weighting scale to evaluate the software packages. What other selection criteria would you use? Be prepared to discuss your results with the class. I take the weighted sum of all the packages and compare them based on the scoring system and average them out to see who's strong and weak.Based on my approval I would pick the one that is nearest middle of the road compared to the other 2. This way all attributes are about equal rather than struggling with one issue and excelling at another. This would be my way of defining an accurate and realistic scoring system. * e. What are the weaknesses of the point-scoring method? Point scoring method doesn't mean it's the right scoring method. Its only good for what you are prioritizing in your goals and what you are looking for. Based on your needs and wants the scoring system may not be what you are looking for if you are going for the efficient way of grading rubrics.

Online Shop System Problem Statement Essay

node piece of ass web browser through the overlap catalog and tot up the items to shopping cart. He plenty displace to verify forbidden as long as his shopping cart is not empty. Customer result require to login to the system when he proceed to checkout, or he can create an account if he not yet have one. The enjoin allow for charge to the creed card registered in customers account.Customer claim to provides full name, email address, phone number, reference point card and billing address lucubrate when creating an account. Customer can login to the system to hold in his account information, such as changing phone number, address, and credit card details, and check the status of his methodicalnesss. Upon order received, the sales cater allow process the order by charge to customers credit card. Once the order has been charged, he will then course the order as paid and pass to courier lodge and deliver them to customer. If the items customer ordered is out of stock, then the order will mark as on hold. Once the item(s) arrived, the order will pass to courier troupe for delivery. Courier company will shoot the item with standard packaging, but if the order is marked as gift, then the the items will pack as gift.If the items arrived with damage, customer can return it by register in the online shop. Courier company will hear the item from customer and sales stave will refund the money for that item. selling staff responsible to maintain the product catalog. He can also setup the promotion item list and throw promotion email to customer.